As the temperature drops, extracellular water begins to freeze, leaving behind a slush of concentrated solutes. In an attempt to dilute those solutes, water rushes out of the cell (3), causing ...
Cells, 2.5 × 10 6 cells per ml, were suspended in the collagen solution before solidification in 35-mm petri dishes. The matrices were cultured 7 days before freezing and media replenished daily.