Direct application of local estrogen to the vulvar vestibule, with the consideration of adding a local androgen as well, is important to adequately treat symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy.

Postmenopausal estrogen therapy accelerates regional brain atrophy in women aged ≥65 years, especially if their cognitive abilities have started to decline before initiation of therapy.

Vulvovaginal atrophy is a frequently neglected symptom of menopause. While an estimated 10–40% of women are affected by the progressive symptoms of vaginal dryness, irritation, itching ...