In MASLD and MASH, TGF-β signaling contributes to hepatocyte lipid accumulation, cell death and fibrosis progression through both Smad and non-Smad pathways. In HCC, TGF-β and other TGF-β-SF cytokines ...

One of the best studied signalling routes is the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway which plays a crucial role in many aspects of immune mediated inflammatory responses ...

2022). Radix Hedysari polybotrys flavonoids exert immunomodulatory effects mainly by enhancing the expression of immune cells and immune organs and activating immune-related pathways. Hedysari ...