ABSTRACT: Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus. It is a complicated chronic metabolic disease. These problems, which have long-term detrimental effects on key organs, including the eyes ...

ABSTRACT: Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus. It is a complicated chronic metabolic disease. These problems, which have long-term detrimental effects on key organs, including the eyes ...

ABSTRACT: Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus. It is a complicated chronic metabolic disease. These problems, which have long-term detrimental effects on key organs, including the eyes ...

ABSTRACT: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision impairment worldwide, primarily impacts individuals with diabetes, making early detection vital to prevent irreversible vision loss.